The article by Joachim Wambsganss Essay Example for Free

The article by Joachim Wambsganss Essay The article by Joachim Wambsganss discusses the nature and functions of gravitational lenses that both help and challenge our understanding of the celestial bodies in the universe. As the author rightly puts it, the sky is filled with many mirages and mysteries to be explored. The gravitational lenses make the universe into a palace of glasses where one images reflects into multiple images creating an illusory effect. It is curious to know the nature and functions of these gravitational lenses that both help and defy our understanding of the universe. . Gravitational lensing is a budding and promising area of study in astronomy. It helps astronomers to study the dark matters in the universe. It is also useful to investigate the structure of quasars, black holes and find earth like planets around other stars. Â  Gravitational light deflection was identified and accepted, though not accurately. Einstein was doubtful about it though he predicted that a foreground star could magnify the image of a background star as a result of gravitational lensing. More optimistic was the Swiss-American astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky with his predictions on lensing effects of galaxies. At last the speculation came to an end in 1979 when astronomers actually saw evidence of lensing. Generally light that comes from a celestial body goes straight. But when there is any object in between it deflects and the deviation causes many distortions to what we see in the space. It is interesting to note that any thing that possesses mass can serve like a lens. It need not emit light on its own. Four consequences of gravitational lensing are identified. They are: 1.Change of Position, 2. Magnification and Demagnification, 3.Deformation, 4. Multiplication. The perceptible location of star or galaxy changes because of the deflection of gravitational light Secondly, it is also possible to see the magnification of brightness of a star or quasar because of the deflection of light. Sometimes the light demagnifies. Thirdly, galaxies can appear long-drawn-out into arcs or bananas because of the deflection of light. Finally, the multiple images are the result of strong gravitational lensing. How Lensing Works The gravitational –lens system has three components embedded in the space. The distance source of light, an intervening mass that acts as a lens and an observer on the earth are the three which form a straight line. The distant source of light could be a star, quasar, or galaxy. The intervening mass that acts as a lens can be anything from a planet to a black hole. Light travels through the shortest distance, and it need not be a straight line always. Sometimes it can travel through a curve as well. The light bends when it reaches the curved space near a cosmic body. The degree of deflection depends on how close the rays get tot the body and on the mass of the body. The deflect ion angle is directly proportional to the mass and inversely proportional to the closest distance. Gravitational lenses are different from ordinary lenses in many ways. The ordinary lenses have a well-defined focal point whereas the gravitational varieties produce focal lines or surfaces. The typical gravitational lens also causes light rays to experience smaller deflections. The gravitational lensing is achromatic. When the lens system is asymmetric, i.e. when source, lens and observer are not in alignment, the lens has an oblong mass distribution – and the resulting ring breaks up into discrete variegated images. The lens magnifies different parts of the source by different amounts and the highest magnification occurs at caustic. When the alignment is very far off or the lens mass distribution is very spread out, the lensing is very weak. With the discovery of double quasar Q0957+ 561 gravitational lensing became an observable science. So far 64 double, triple and multiple quasars have been found. The CLASS (Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey) project has mapped more than 10,000 radio sources and 17 multiply imaged systems. To identify whether it is real quasar or an illusion, observes have developed a checklist. They see whether the quasars lie at the same distance, whether their spectra is similar, whether there is any potential lens between the observer and the quasar and whether the brightness of each quasar fluctuates in the same way. When the galaxy lens is spherical it can distribute the light of background quasar or galaxy into a ring or circle called Einstein ring. About a dozen such rings are found. The important application of quasar lensing is to measure Hubble constant, which is a measure of size and expansion rate of universe. Multiple quasars can give insight into cosmological parameter called cosmological constant. It is essential to explain why the expansion of universe appears to be accelerating. The more is the expansion accelerated, the bigger the volume of space. Cosmological constant can not be more than 62 percent of the energy density of the universe. If the density is more, there could be more number of quasars. It supports smaller values of the cosmological constant. Quasars are unsteady by their nature and they tend to brighten and then dim on their own. Â  To distinguish microlensing fluctuations and intrinsic variability astronomers monitor multiple quasar systems. Â  In 1989 astronomers confirmed five multiple quasar systems. They conclude that innermost parts of quasar are hotter and bluer than outer parts. If lens is not single galaxy, but a cluster of galaxies then the image can be a kaleidoscope of strongly distorted arcs and arc lets. Studies on clusters of galaxies reveal that clusters are dominated by unseen dark matter. On an extremely large scale, the vast galaxy clusters of matter tend to be powerful lens. The wide spread shearing of galaxy images support the view that universe is giant cobweb of matter interspersed with voids. The article also focuses on MACHOs and Extra solar planets. MACHOs are collection of rogue planets, dead stars or black holes. However research says that the entire dark matter cannot be made entirely of MACHO. It also notes that stellar mass black holes may cause microlensing events. Stellar microlensing can even detect planets and the extra burst of brightening that might have been caused by planet candidates. Thus, the article ‘Gravity’s Kaleidoscope’ narrates interestingly how the study of illusions can lead us to the discovery of truth relating to celestial bodies in the universe.

Privatization of Electricity in Tanzania :: essays research papers fc

Privatization of Electricity in Tanzania The story of Tanzania, from pre-colonialist period to present Tanzania, located in East Africa, is one of the least developed countries in the world. According to the UNDP Human Development Index, Tanzania ranked 162 out of 177 countries in the 2004 survey (UNDP:2004, HDI), with one being the most developed. According to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) prepared by Tanzanian officials for the World Bank, half of Tanzanians 36.6 million people are characterized as â€Å"poor† and one-third live in â€Å"abject poverty†(WB: PRSP p.1). Tanzanians have a life expectancy of 43.5 years, a fertility rate of 5.1 births per woman, an HIV prevalence of 8.8%, and a population growth rate of 1.95% (UNDP: 2004). Agriculture makes up half of the country’s GDP, 85% of the exports, and 80% of the labor force (CIA: 2004). Culturally, Tanzanians are made up of 130 different tribes, each speaking their own mother tongue. The official languages of Tanzania are Kiswahili and English, with English being the main language in commerce, administration, and higher education (CIA: 2004). Kiswahili is a mix of Bantu languages, English, and Arabic, and is indicative of the millennia old history of trade with the outside world. Records of trade routes with the Middle East date back to the 1st century AD (govt web: early history). Zanzibar and the coastal town of Bagamoya were the hubs of the East African slave trade, active for well over a thousand years (pilot). While the early slave trade with the Middle East existed only on a small scale, transporting around 100 slaves at a time, the appearance of Europeans in the 17th century ratcheted up the trade to a much larger scale and level of organization, at its height moving 15,000 slaves a year out of East Africa (pilot). Serious efforts to end the slave trade began in the 19th century, though the trade continued through the German occupation of then German East Africa in the latter part of the century. In 1919 after World War I, Britain took over German East Africa, renaming it Tanganyika, and permanently put an end to the slave trade (govt web: colonial period ). Tanganyika attained independence from British rule in 1961 and Zanzibar followed soon after in 1963, ending the existence of the British mandated territory. Tanzania was formed in 1964 by uniting the mainland, Tanganyika, and the islands of Zanzibar. An excerpt from the Tanzanian National Website displays an interesting official interpretation of the lingering effects of centuries of occupation by foreigners (my emphasis):

One Year MBA Program / Two Year MBA Program Essay

1. Students are requested to go through the instructions carefully. 2. The Assignment is a part of the internal assessment. 3. Marks will be awarded for each Assignment, which will be added to the total marks. Assignments carry equal marks. 4. The completed Assignments of different modules should be bundled together before sending it to the Institute in the address given above or it can be mail to us 2 weeks before the commencement of the examination with the roll number and name of the student. 5. Students who have not received the full set of modules may send the Assignments after receiving the complete set of modules of the semester. 6. Case study project is given based on the Elective Subject selected. Assignments 1. International Law What are your perceptions on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? Would you like to amend any of the articles or add a new article to the declaration? 2. Strategic Management Select an appropriate generic strategy to position your printing business unit in its competitive environment (map the environment primarily as a pattern of competitive pressures from rivals, suppliers, buyers, entrants and substitutes). 3. Business English

Managing Up Managing Your Boss, Know Yourself, And...

Introduction The concept of managing up, even in its most basic form, can be a complex task especially when many supervisors may be younger than those they manage. Managing up is making a conscious effort to work with your supervisor to obtain the best possible outcome for you, your supervisor, and the organization. The process of managing up includes three steps: know your boss, know yourself, and develop a plan of action. (Herman, 2008) J.J. Gabarro and John P. Kotter (1993) claim that the key to managing up is to remember that you are involved in a mutually dependent relationship between two fallible human beings, as stated in the article titled Managing Your Boss in the Harvard Business Review. The article explains that bosses may be more dependent on their employees to develop practical solutions to problems all the while striving to achieve the bosses’ goals, which in turn should align with the organization’s goals. (Gabarro/Kotter, 1993) In an economic enviro nment where organizations are being downsized and flattened because of industry consolidation and computerization, the benefits of managing up are endless. Managing up and across an organization allows for greater intradepartmental teamwork, cooperation and collaboration on projects, especially when managers are continually asked to do more with less. Most importantly, managing up builds greater trust between the employee and his or her supervisor, expands the employee’s autonomy within theShow MoreRelatedThomas Green: Power, Office Politics and a Career in Crisis Essay2404 Words   |  10 Pagesto the bureaucracy at this level of management. When it comes to work style he is meticulous in details and requires that recommendations and strategies be justified using hard data.    He prefers to stay in a positive mindset in order to keep moral up.   Davis pays much attention to the office politics, strong efforts and enthusiasm of the employee. Davis is more of the initiat ing structure, which is proven to increase job performance. Davis expected to be treated like a veteran employee who has gainedRead MoreKnowledge Management and People7149 Words   |  29 Pages » MANAGING YOURSELF BEST OF HBR 1999 We live in an age of unprecedented opportunity: If you ve got ambition and smarts, you can rise to the top of your chosen profession, regardless of where you started out. But with opportunity comes responsibility. Companies today aren t managing their employees careers; knowledge workers must, effectively, be their own chief executive officers. It s up to you to carve out your place, to know when to change course, and to keep yourself engaged andRead MoreTime Management1849 Words   |  8 PagesRational on my first action plan was: I have poor attitudes towards managing time, such as managing time to study. Developing effective study habits is important as they will help me to use my study time more productively and will also help to handle stress. Therefore, learning some effective memory techniques, developing a good support network and working with other class members will enhance our study habits (Anthony, 2012). So it is important for me to make an action plan about time managementRead MoreLearning from Your Boss1284 Words   |  6 PagesLearning From your Boss I had the opportunity to work with a company for twenty eight years so I went through multiple management/Leadership. The lessons about management/leadership that I learned from my manager are the following: †¢ Goal Setting - Setting goals is a very important first step on the path to becoming a more effective leader. While managers surely set goals and work to achieve those goals, leaders operationalize goals through teamwork. Accomplishing goals becomes more than aRead MoreQuestions On Conflict Management On The Workplace1454 Words   |  6 Pagesof workplace conflict such as conflicts between the boss, peer conflict, and conflict between managers and teammates. In every one of these cases, leaders need to consider two essential inquiries. How essential is the issue? Also, how essential is this relationship? Your answer will decide if to give it a chance to slide or attempt to determine it (Fox, 2015). Fox also breaks down each type: 1.) Conflict with the boss- The association with your supervisor is clearly critical for completing work andRead MoreFirst, Lets fire all Managers2632 Words   |  11 Pagesthan that of hierarchal management style by giving the example of one of the world’s largest tomato processor company â€Å"Morning Star Company† which follows the road to Self- Management i.e. believes in having the organization with no managers. Managing its resources has become an expensive job. Today’s organization consists of managers in all levels and in all departments which thereby adds costs to an organization since the salary/incentives on average that managers take is thrice to that of firstRead MoreSelf-Development Program at Work1844 Words   |  8 Pagesand crucial to achieving success in every area of your life. Jim Rohn, known as Americas foremost business philosopher, said it best: You must constantly ask yourself these questions: Who am I around? What are they doing to me? What have they got me reading? What have they got me saying? Where do they have me going? What do they have me thinking? And most important, what do they have me becoming? Then ask yourself the big question: Is that okay? Your life does not get better by chance, it gets betterRead MoreThe Main Task Of Manager Essay2162 Words   |  9 PagesAt the beginning of this work I want to write a few words what managing is. Dictionary gives us a little bit different definition of the verb ‘manage’ from what we have on practice. In dictionary the main concern of manager is with organizing other workers and making decisions about how a business or department is run. But in practice this will mean that the manager usually tell other people what to do rather that doing it himself. When you are climbing the career ladder you have to already haveRead MoreAdvantages of Mbo1917 Words   |  8 Pages | |The elaborate written goals, careful communication of goals, and detailed performance evaluation| |required in an MBO program increase the volume of paperwork in an organization. | |Managing for Results: The Eight Perceptions | |Results come from exploiting opportunities, not solving problems... | |Managerial Communication Read MoreCharacteristics That Define Entrepreneurial Leadership1308 Words   |  5 Pages To begin any analysis of business leadership, it is important to analyze the characteristics that exist for leaders of traditional profit-driven organizations. One great example is Jack Welch. Welch embodied a football coach mentality based on managing. He often sought to influence employees to work effectively and efficiently through a less formal style via relaxed meeting and get-togethers. This approach allowed the employees to feel invested in both the company and to become loyal to him individually

The Divine Comedy vs. Paradise Lost Essay - 3038 Words

Full Circle – from Sin to Salvation nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Great works of literature have been written throughout history. However, The Divine Comedy and Paradise Lost have the inept ability to stir the soul and cause a person to examine and re-examine their life. The brilliant descriptions, use of imagery, metaphor and simile give a person a vivid picture of the creation of man and the possibilities for life in the hereafter. This is done, as a person is able to see, full circle, from the beginning of time to the end of time, the consequences of turning away from God. The ability to see a life full circle is apparent through the examination of both of these poems. Although written many years ago, the morals and principles that†¦show more content†¦Dante is elated to see Virgil as his first words to Virgil were, â€Å"O light and honor of all other poets, may my long study and the intense love that made me search your volume serve me now. You are my master and my author, you—the only one from whom my writing drew the noble style for which I have been honored†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . (Canto I of the Inferno in The Divine Comedy). After emerging from the dark woods after Dante’s vision, Dante and Virgil find themselves at the gates of Hell, which were inscribed with â€Å"Abandon every hope, Ye that Enter.† ( This should be found in the second or third Canto of The Divine Comedy, at the place that Dante and Virgil are about to enter Hell). If it is not there, just leave the sentence and remove the brackets for the citation) Hell is a funnel shape pit that is divided into nine terraces. Virgil, Dante’s escort resides in the area known as Limbo. He is placed in this area because he died before Christianity. Nevertheless, Virgil is not subjected to Hell. Each terrace provides living space for individuals who were in Hell for the different categories of sin for which they were suffering. The lower the terrace, the more severe the punishment. Satan resides in the very bottom level of Hell. Dante gives a very vivid description of his first sight of Satan when he writes, â€Å"The emperor of the despondent kingdom so towered—from midchest—above the ice, that I match better with a giant’s height than giants match the measure of his arms; now you can gaugeShow MoreRelatedThe Divine Comedy vs. Paradise Lost3091 Words   |  13 PagesFull Circle Ââ€" from Sin to Salvation Great works of literature have been written throughout history. However, The Divine Comedy and Paradise Lost have the inept ability to stir the soul and cause a person to examine and re-examine their life. The brilliant descriptions, use of imagery, metaphor and simile give a person a vivid picture of the creation of man and the possibilities for life in the hereafter. This is done, as a person is able to see, full circle, from the beginning of time to theRead MoreSatan in Paradaise Lost and Dantes Inferno1138 Words   |  5 Pagesevery dawn of time, man has had to make swift judgements. The main point of all judgement is appearance and such this is most logical place to start. Appearance plays a rather crucial role in the works under the scope of this essay. Firstly, in Paradise Lost one should note that a reoccurring theme of: â€Å"its better to rule in Hell then be a servant in Heaven,† (Milton.I.263) makes a few significant points regarding make aspects into the neos is of Satan, but more so the appearance of Satan. The lineRead MoreDantes Inferno vs. Miltons Paradise Lost901 Words   |  4 PagesDante s Inferno Vs. Milton s Paradise Lost The two stories, Inferno by Dante and Paradise Lost by Milton, were written about the biblical hell and its keeper: Satan. Both of these authors had different views about the hell and Satan. In Paradis Lost, Milton wrote that Satan used to be an angel of God. The devil believed that he was equal to the Lord and he wanted to be greater than him. For this, God banished him to hell. Milton s physical description of Satan is interesting. Since heRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagestheir stylistic elegance and dexterity, however, since the camera now had to be encased in a big, clumsy, unmoveable soundproof box. Suddenly all the ground that had been gained with the moving camera and complex-editing structures was lost. Even actors struggled, having to direct their speech to awkwardly-hid microphones in huge plants, telephones or even their costumes. The film Singin In The Rain (1952) comically yet accurately displays these early-sound film difficultiesRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................. 299 CHAPTER 10 Deductive Reasoning .......................................................................................... 312 x Implying with Certainty vs. with Probability ................................................................................ 312 Distinguishing Deduction from Induction ..................................................................................... 319 Review of MajorRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesTable 9.1 Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Table 10.1 Table 10.2 Knowledge constituting philosophical assumptions Hierarchy of science and organization theory Fatalism and optimism in the ‘new’ modernist organization Bell’s stages of societal development Fordism vs. post-fordism The incidence of part-time work in European Union member states Modernism versus postmodernism Affirmative versus sceptical postmodernism The changing condition of knowledge Pay and profits: Long run performance of FTSE 100 companies (2002

The Many Victims of Human Trafficking - 675 Words

Millions of men, women and children are victims of human trafficking. Human trafficking is used for many purposes and benefits. Sex, forced labor and other forms of disgracing exploitation is dangerously happening worldwide. It’s necessary to know what the term trafficking means because it can be very misleading, trafficking places importance on the transaction aspect of a cruel crime, trafficking is more than described by the media. Enslavement is a word that can describe trafficking briefly and compactly, exploitation of people, day after day, for years and decades. Human trafficking is an international problem, statistics shows that between the year 2007 and 2010 women composed the majority of victims globally, 80 percent was women and girls. Human trafficking is the world’s fastest increasing crime after drug handling. The United States of America and Sweden is two of the top destination countries for traffickers. The United States of America is a destination in addition there is numerous of American citizen destined to become trafficking victim. Sweden and America suffer from the same criminality this means illegal and inhuman crime against human beings but in dissimilar mechanism. This report is about human trafficking in the world nevertheless enlightening about trafficking in Sweden and America. While the comprehensive remains complete this report is based on reports from reliable sources and it rest on a solid evidence, although information gaps can beShow MoreRelatedThe Human Of Human Trafficking Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesin 1865, the practice of it is still very alive today. Human trafficking, a form of modern slavery, is the buying and selling of people, whether it s for forced labor or commercial sex. Every year, thousands of adults and children, especially girls, are forced into the endless trafficking ring. â€Å"The International Labour Organization estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally† (â€Å"The Facts†). The human trafficking industry is a worldwide network that is worth an estimatedRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Human Trafficking1520 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT: The prevalence of human traf ficking in the United States is something law enforcement and policy makers are attempting to address. Unfortunately, this crime is growing in number of incidents despite these efforts. This analysis examined the victims of human trafficking, showing how there are a broad range of victims in human trafficking. This addresses the misconception that only persons outside of the U.S. are victims of human trafficking. 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In this world, there are two types of human trafficking: labor trafficking and sex trafficking. Because human traffickers mostly target teenagers and young children, friends and families are terrified to think that their loved ones can be taken at any moment. It is devastating to find out if a loved

Strategic Management Accounting British Telecommunication

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management Accounting for British Telecommunication. Answer: Introduction The merger and acquisition done by British Telecommunication are the main point of discussion in this study. The study is especially focused on the merger and acquisition between BT (British Telecommunication) and EE. In the beginning of the study, the discussion covers the product market, capital market, organizational architecture of BT before acquiring the EE. After that, the discussion also includes the product market, capital market and organizational architecture of BT after the acquisition. Along with these, the study also discusses and analyzes the effectiveness of the merger and acquisition strategies taken by the management of BT in the recent past. Background of BT and EE British Telecommunication or BT is operating its business in the market of UK since 1969 (Btplc.com 2017). The organization is one of the top most organizations in the telecommunication industry in UK. The business of BT is not bounded within UK; the company has expanded its business in different countries in the world (Btplc.com 2017). The company has wide range of products including mobile telephony, digital television, fixed line telephony and broadband internet. As per 2015s financial report, the company has earned 17.851 billion revenue and 2.135 billion net profit (Btplc.com 2017). The company has taken several merger and acquisition strategies during its long life time. Everything Everywhere or EE is another company in the telecommunication industry in UK. This is comparatively new company than British Telecommunication (Ee.co.uk 2017). EE has started its business on 1st April 2010 and it provides its services only in United Kingdom. Currently, the company has 15000 employees in different areas in UK (Ee.co.uk 2017). Before merger and acquisition British Telecommunication acquired EE Limited in the year of 2016. Before acquiring EE Limited, the company was operating its business with wide product range (Samy, Odemilin and Bampton 2010). As stated above, the products of BT includes fixed line telephony, broadband internet, mobile telephony and many others. Before 2016 that means before acquiring EE, the business of BT was quite successful. The products of BT are much popular in the market of United Kingdom as well as in the international telecommunication market (Hsu and Prescott 2016). Except 2015, the company has earned good amount of revenue in each year, which indicates that the products of the company were much popular in the external market. The products of BT are not only popular in the market of UK, but these are also very popular in more 169 countries (Marrewijk 2016). The product range of the company also included the managed networked IT services and it sells this particular product to the multinational companies an d the organizational, which are run by the local and national government. On the other side, before acquiring EE Limited, the debt to equity ratio of the company was much high. This means the debt capital was more in the capital structure of the company. This indicates that the risk involved in the business of the company was more (Weber and Tarba 2016). If the debt to equity ratio of the company is considered, then it can be identified that in 2015 that means before the acquisition of EE, the debt to equity ratio was 10.88 times, which was much high. The company used more debt capital in its capital structure than that of the equity capital. Before, the acquisition, the management of British Telecommunication built the organizational architecture based on the three legged stool. The management of the company concentrated on three factors revenue, customers and management (Meghanathan 2016). The management of British Telecommunication was very attentive for increasing the revenue of the company in each year. The annual reports of the company in last few years before the EE acquisition also indicate that the company was able to increase its revenue in each financial year. The company used to enhance its revenue by grabbing the new markets. In order to grab the new markets, the company took the strategy of acquiring small and medium sized telecommunication companies in UK and other countries (Di Giulio 2016). The management believed that if they become successful in expanding the business in the new markets, then the revenue of the company grows automatically. Increasing the revenue is important to keep the organization fi nancially healthy and it is important for maintaining the sustainability of the organization (Long 2016). Due to this, the management considered this particular element or factor as one of the major pillars of the organizational architecture. The second pillar considered by the organization before the acquisition of EE was customers. The management of BT believed that customers satisfaction is one of the main aims of the company. In order to satisfy the customers, the company focused on the quality of the products and services (Evens and Donders 2016). At the same time, the management of the company also concentrated building better relationship with the customers. The third pillar of the organizational structure of BT before EE acquisition was the management. Nelson (2016) believed that if the management of an organization is not effective or efficient, then it is impossible for the organization to achieve sustainability. In order to operate the business properly, the company considered management as one of the pillar of the organizational architecture. BT acquired EE because of several reasons. However, there were three core strategies that influenced the management of BT acquiring EE. These three core strategies were as follows: Be the market leader by increasing the market share of the company to the highest extent. Increasing the product range to satisfy the customers in a better way and attracting the new customers (Curwen and Whalley 2016). Strengthening the financial health of the company by acquiring new markets or customers The above mentioned three strategies were the main influencers behind the EE acquisition. Evens and Donders (2016) stated that the management of BT identified that if they acquires EE, then they can gain at least more 30% of the market share, which will help them to become the market leader in the telecommunication industry. Practically, after EE acquisition, BT gained 33.8% of market share (Bbc.com 2017). Another fact that the management at BT understood before acquiring EE was that BT can easily provide quad-play service to its existing customers if it acquires the EE, which at that time was providing the quad-play (BT.com 2017). Providing this particular service, BT could satisfy its customers in a better was because this particular service included a bundle of services. Moreover, the by acquiring EE, the management of BT could improve the financial strength of the company because by acquiring EE, the number of customers as well as amount of revenue would increase. Therefore, due to these three reasons, the management of BT decided acquiring EE. After merger and acquisition After the acquisition of EE, the product range of BT has increased. The company has started to provide quad-play service, in which it is providing broadband, home phone, TV and the mobile contracts in a single package. Apart from this, the product range of the company has not changed much. However, the products of BT are as popular as there were before the merger. The debt to equity ratio of the company has changed much after the acquisition of EE. The company has increased the amount of equity capital in the capital structure (Hassett et al. 2017). The debt to equity ratio shows that after the acquisition of EE, the company has debt to equity ratio of 1.17, which means, the amount of debt capital and equity capital was more or less equal. This again indicates that the extent of risks in the capital structure of the company has reduced after the acquisition of EE (Gerli and Whalley 2016). After acquiring EE, the organizational architecture of the company has changed bit. The management of the company is now more focusing on employees, customers and management. The management considered that after acquisition, employees are the main pillar of success. If the employees of two different companies do not co-ordinate then it is not possible to operate the business successfully (Obaidat and Nicopolitidis 2016). On the other side, as the customers satisfaction is very important, the company considered this element as the major pillar of organizational architecture. Like before, the company has also considered management as the other pillar of organizational architecture. The share price of BT was bit fluctuating at the initial stage after the acquisition of EE. After acquisition of EE that is in the financial year 2016, the share price of British Telecommunication was in between $490 to $350 (Btplc.com 2017). However, gradually the share price of the company has declined, which is creating a major issue for the management of BT. The statistical data is showing that during March 2016, the share price of the company was $481, which decreased $438.65 in April 2016 (Btplc.com 2017). Again in May 2016, the share price of the company increased to $448.20, which again decreased to $431.15 in June 2016 (Btplc.com 2017). The share price fluctuations of the company can be better understood in the below diagram: Figure 1: Share prices of BT after acquisition of EE (Source: Btplc.com 2017) The above diagram is disclosing the fact that the share prices of BT was much fluctuating. At the same time, it can also be seen that the trend of the share price movement of the company was downward sloping. Identifying whether merger and acquisition strategy taken by BT for EE was effective or not Merger and acquisition are the most important strategies, which help the business organizations building strong financial health and expanding their business in the new markets (Obaidat and Nicopolitidis 2016). However, the success of the merger and acquisitions can be understood by analyzing the financial performances of the company after merger and acquisition. In order to identify whether the merger and acquisition strategies taken by BT for acquiring EE were effective or not, it is very important to analyze the financial performance of the company before and after acquisition of EE (Curwen and Whalley 2016). At the same time, it is also important for the organization analyzing the risks associated with the business before and after the acquisition. The analysis of the financial performance and risks of BT are shown below: Analysis of the financial performance of BT: In order to identify the effectiveness of the merger and acquisition through the analysis of the financial performance, it is important to compare the financial performance of the company before and after acquiring EE. The following table and diagram are showing the financial performance of BT before and after acquiring EE: 2014 2015 2016 Net profit (in m) 2,018 2,135 2,588 Revenue (in m) 18,287 17,979 19,042 Net Assets (in m) 9,361 19,483 31,576 Earnings per share 25.7p 26.5p 29.9p Cash inflow (in m) 684 407 459 Table 1: Financial performance of BT before and after acquiring EE (Source: Btplc.com 2017) Figure 2: Financial performance of BT before and after acquiring EE (Source: Btplc.com 2017) The above table and diagram is showing that from 2014 to 2016, the financial performance of the company has improved in terms of net profit, revenue, net assets and earnings per share (Btplc.com 2017). This indicates that after acquiring EE, the financial performance of BT has improved. However, the net cash inflow of the company has decreased. If the financial performance of the company is analyzed critically, then it can be identified that in 2014 that is before the acquisition, the net profit of the company was 2018 million, which increased to 2,588 million in 2016 (Btplc.com 2017). Therefore, it can be said that though the profits of the company has increased, the percentage of increased profit was not so high. In the year 2014, the net profit ratio of the company was 11.03%, which increased to 13.59% in 2016 (Btplc.com 2017). This indicates that the profitability of the company increased by only 2%, which cannot be considered as a good percentage increased. The same thing can al so be noticed in case of earnings per share of the company. In 2014, the earnings per share of the company were 25.7p, which was 29.9p in 2016 (Btplc.com 2017). This means that the earnings per share of the company increased by 4.2p, which was not a bit hike. Moreover, the net cash inflow of the company decreased from 2014 to 201, which indicates negative financial performance of BT (Btplc.com 2017). Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be said that after the merger with EE or after acquiring EE, the financial performance of BT has not improved to the extent, which was expected. However, the company can improve the situation by considering the following recommendations: The management at British Telecommunication can improve the financial performance of the company by concentrating on the customer services. In the surveys, it has been identified that many customers of the company are not satisfied with the after sales service provided by BT. Therefore, it can be said that if the company concentrates on this particular factor, it can satisfy the customers in a better way and if the customers are satisfied, then t can be expected that the annual sales and profitability of the company will also increase. In order to improve the cash flow position, the management of the company must take care of the debtors management techniques. Proper management of debtors will help the company increasing the liquid cash inflow. This will also help to improve the liquidity position of the company. There are many uncertainties in the market, where British Telecommunication works. Due to the rapid growth in technologies, the level of uncertainties has increased. Introduction of new technologies means the companies require providing better services and introducing new products based on the new technologies. This is important for surviving in the high competitive market (Evens and Donders 2016). Therefore, the rapid growth in the technologies is creating high uncertainties for the business of BT. On the other side, after the incident of Brexit, the level of uncertainties reached to the high level. Due to Brexit, it was uncertain whether BT will be able to operate its business properly in the markets of EU (Hsu and Prescott 2016). This was huge uncertainty because a major portion of BT business was in the market of EU. However, as the Britain left EU, it was possible that the business of BT in EU markets fall down. Conclusion In this study, it has been identified that BT is one of the large business organization in the telecommunication industry in UK as well as in the international market. In recent past, the company has acquired the business of EE Limited. Before the acquisition, the financial performance of British Telecommunication was more or less good. The management of the company thought that by acquiring EE Limited, the company will be able to improve its financial performance at the high level. However, actually, the company could not perform well after the acquisition. 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